NBDE Pathology Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Which type of shock is caused by reduced circulating blood volume?
• Spider angiomas are also known as which term?
• Which stones are radiolucent on radiographs?
• Which carcinogen in cigarette smoke is the carcinogen associated with bronchogenic carcinoma?
• Which parasite is most commonly linked to microcytic anemia due to chronic blood loss?
• Triad of Plummer Vinson syndrome:
• Paget disease is associated with which radiographic appearance?
• Jugular vein distention (JVD) is associated with which condition?
• Which of the following is a non-megaloblastic cause of macrocytic anemia?
• Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of which type of bacteria?
• Which laboratory test measures the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
• Catalase and other enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide are located in membrane-bound organelles called _____.
• Burkitt lymphoma is best described as which type of lymphoma?
• Which parasite is the causative agent of babesiosis?
• Increased serum or urinary levels of ____ indicate Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.
• Which hepatitis virus is the most common cause of liver transplantation in the United States?
• Which option lists the two main types of calcium kidney stones?
• Damage to the basal ganglia is associated with which two clinical syndromes?
• Aplastic anemia is best described as a failure of blood cell production due to what?
• Which histologic type is the most common malignancy of the colon in the GI tract?
• Which finding is associated with lead poisoning in the gingiva?
• Which type is primarily associated with aging and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency?
• Warfarin is an anticoagulant that functions by antagonizing Vitamin ___.
• Alport syndrome is characterized by which combination of findings?
• Pasteurella multocida is commonly transmitted via which bite?
• Cytokine that can induce apoptosis.
• Irreversible nuclear damage characterized by fading basophilic material is called what?
• Exposure to which of the following is a known risk factor for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder?
• Which component is a part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin?
• Which nematode is a common cause of toxocariasis from dogs?
• Poison that prevents cellular oxidation and has a bitter almond odor.
• Lobar pneumonia is most often caused by which organism?
• Turner syndrome is best described by which chromosomal pattern?
• Which organism is the protozoan agent of malaria?
• Childhood Polycystic Kidney Disease mode of inheritance?
• Which of the following viruses is included in the PERCH mnemonic for Picornaviruses?
• Which nematode is commonly transmitted via ingestion and can cause perianal itching?
• Which cell type presents antigen to CD4+ T helper cells via MHC class II?
• A man with flu-like symptoms but without fever and cherry-red discoloration of the skin is most likely suffering from acute ______.
• Which condition is the most common cause of clinically palpable breast mass in women aged 28-44?
• Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in chronic myeloid leukemia are typically what?
• Which parasite is associated with portal hypertension due to fibrosis of mesenteric veins?
• Which cancer ranks second to lung cancer in cancer-related deaths in the United States?
• Bronchogenic carcinoma arises from the epithelium of which airway structures?
• Reye syndrome is associated with aspirin and which illness?
• Which statement is true about bronchogenic carcinomas?
• Which organism is NOT a cause of watery diarrhea?
• Which disease presenting with a seal-like barking cough is caused by a Paramyxovirus?
• Which systemic immune response is primarily responsible for antibody production by plasma cells?
• Which enzyme is the first heart enzyme to appear in the blood after a heart attack?
• Which of the following are examples of lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria?
• Lead poisoning is most commonly associated with which type of anemia?
• Which interleukin favors Th1-type responses with macrophage and NK cell activation and induces IFN-γ production; counteracts IL-10?
• Which type destroys alveoli and alveolar ducts; lower lobes most affected; associated with aging and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency?
• Sickle cell anemia is caused by valine substitution for which amino acid in the beta-globin chain?
• Hirschsprung disease is caused by absence of which plexus?
• The left anterior descending artery is another name for which specific heart artery?
• Which symptom is a component of the Sjogren syndrome triad?
• Which parasite causes perianal pruritus (itchy butt)?
• Interstitial pneumonia is most commonly caused by which pathogen?
• Which of the following is NOT a microcytic anemia cause?
• Small polypeptides released by a cell to change the function of the same or another cell are called ______.
• A teratoma is a tumor that may contain tissues derived from which germ layers?
• ______ is characterized as a nephritic syndrome with a rapid decline (hours-days) in GFR.
• Hemophilia B involves a deficiency of which coagulation factor?
• Primary pericarditis is almost always of which origin?
• What is the most common primary renal malignancy?
• A localized area of coagulative necrosis is known as what?
• Which nematode is commonly associated with ascariasis after ingestion of eggs?
• Familial hypercholesterolemia is due to a defect in LDL receptors. Which of the following best describes this condition?
• Which condition is commonly associated with a false-positive VDRL result?
• Which brain structure is linked with movement disorders such as Parkinson disease and Huntington disease?
• Which neurodegenerative disease presents with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra?
• Lead poisoning can cause sideroblastic anemia.
• Which statement about VDRL is true?
• Albers-Schonberg disease is a rare genetic bone disorder also known as which condition?
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is waking up gasping for air.
• Diabetes insipidus is characterized by deficiency of which hormone?
• A bulging vein seen in the neck is known as ______ (term).
• Which syndrome is defined by edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and proteinuria?
• Which enzymes are considered the three most useful for diagnosing a myocardial infarction?
• What is the term for irreversible nuclear damage characterized by fading basophilic material due to DNase activity?
• In phenylketonuria, which amino acid cannot be synthesized in adequate amounts?
• Which option correctly lists the viruses Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, and Enterovirus together (abbreviated as RCE)?
• Which infection presents with thick cottage cheese discharge and a normal vaginal pH?
• Pulmonary edema is a common symptom of ______ congestive heart failure
• Prostate cancer can commonly metastasize to which site?
• Moon facies is a feature of which endocrine syndrome?
• Individuals with Down syndrome have an increased risk of developing which two leukemias?
• Which DNA virus family is known for a circular genome rather than a linear genome?
• Lymphocytes that express MHC I proteins are primarily which cell type?
• Which type of angina is most closely associated with coronary vasospasm and occurs at rest?
• Systemic sclerosis is another term for which condition?
• Orthopnea is best described as shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat and improves when sitting upright.
• Which plasma enzyme is decreased in severe liver diseases and is notably useful in diagnosing organophosphate poisoning?
• Which cytokine is a primary mediator of endotoxin-induced inflammation?
• Which organism is visualized with a Giemsa stain?
• In the MEGA berry mnemonic, which cell type is associated with Ehrlichiosis?
• Which tumor markers are used for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with prostate cancer?
• Renal cell carcinoma spreads primarily by which route?
• Which type of bronchogenic carcinoma is most strongly associated with smoking?
• Huntington disease is associated with reduced levels of which neurotransmitters?
• Portal hypertension commonly leads to the development of which esophageal pathology?
• Which organism is NOT a facultative intracellular bacterium?
• Plasma cells produced by B cells synthesize antibodies as part of which immune response?
• Chordoma is a malignant tumor that arises from remnants of the notochord. Which option correctly states its origin?
• Esophageal webs and iron deficiency anemia are characteristic of which condition?
• Renal calculi are most common in which sex?
• 4 Types of Bronchiogenic carcinomas in order of most to least prevalent:
• What is the most common type of melanoma?
• Which type commonly causes spontaneous pneumothorax in young adults?
• Pernicious anemia is described as which type of anemia?
• DiGeorge syndrome is caused by deletion of which chromosome?
• In the MEGA berry mnemonic, granulocytes are associated with which infection?
• Which cytokine stimulates IL-2 production and also has fever-inducing properties?
• Alveolar macrophages are also known as which of the following?
• Lipiduria is a characteristic feature of which syndrome?
• Which statement correctly describes diabetes insipidus?
• Which of the following is NOT part of the SHiN encapsulated bacteria group?
• Often the first signs of Lung cancer are related to metastasis, most commonly to the _____
• Centriacinar emphysema is predominantly located in which lobes?
• Which of the following is a sign of congestive heart failure?
• Osteoarthritis is arthritis characterized by the presence of which feature?
• In ADPKD, cysts occur in kidneys and which other organ?
• Which sign indicates congestive heart failure with high venous pressure?
• Parkinson disease presents with degeneration of which type of neurons in which brain region?
• Which enzyme is a sensitive indicator of biliary obstruction?
• Which group of bacteria are known to produce exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis?
• Which parasite is transmitted by ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater fish?
• The hepatic veins empty into the ______.
• Which of the following is NOT a common cause of left-sided heart failure?
• Listeria monocytogenes is best described as which type of intracellular lifestyle?
• Proteinuria above 3.5 g/day is seen in which of the following two syndromes?
• Which of the following lists the major clinical consequences of portal hypertension?
• T cells are produced in the _____ and mature in the _____.
• Cytokine that stimulates chemotaxis and adhesion of neutrophils.
• Which hypersensitivity type is delayed (cell-mediated)?
• Philadelphia chromosome and low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels are characteristic of which leukemia?
• Cytokine that stimulates bone marrow cells (hematopoiesis).
• Chordoma arises from remnants of which embryonic structure?
• Cytokine that stimulates IL-2 secretion and induces fever (pyrogenic).
• Nephritic syndrome hallmarks include which urinary finding?
• Which of the following lists contains only spirochete genera?
• Invasion of the dermis by sheets and islands of neoplastic epidermal cells, often with keratin pearls, is characteristic of which cancer?
• Berry aneurysms are associated with which cystic disease?
• Approximately 50% of subacute endocarditis cases are caused by which organism?
• Vitamin B12 deficiency is most characteristically caused by infection with which parasite?
• Liver hydatid cysts are most strongly associated with infection by which parasite?
• Which malignant bone tumor is classically associated with surface origin on bone?
• Which condition is caused by defective osteoclast activity and results in abnormally dense bones?
• Which of the following is a type of melanoma?
• Which group comprises obligate intracellular bacteria?
• Which of the following is a megaloblastic cause of macrocytic anemia?
• Which type of emphysema is associated with aging and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
• Which type of kidney stone is often seen in patients with gout due to hyperuricemia?
• Globulin protein that is suggestive of Multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia?
• What are the three classic symptoms of measles, known as the '3 Cs'?
• Exposure to aniline dyes is linked to which cancer?
• _____ refers to elevation of BUN and creatinine levels and is largely related to decreased GFR.
• Which cancer is NOT associated with Epstein-Barr virus?
• ______ is the carcinogen in cigarette smoke associated with bronchogenic carcinoma
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with which of the following features?
• Which artery is most commonly involved in coronary occlusions and is often bypassed in bypass surgery?
• Which lymphocytes express MHC I proteins?
• Dense deposit disease is a form of which glomerulonephritis?
• Von Hippel-Lindau disease can form cysts in which organs?
• Which of the following sets lists lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria that can form pink colonies on MacConKEE agar?
• Which of the following is NOT among the five classic signs of meningococcal meningitis?
• Among the five most common viral agents of pericarditis, Echovirus is included. Which option lists Echovirus?
• Unstable angina is characterized by which feature?
• Which statement best reflects the Diphtheriae toxin mechanism or its genetic basis?
• Which disease is most frequently associated with the connective tissue disease component of the Sjogren syndrome triad?
• Transitional cell carcinoma can occur in all of the following locations except which?
• _____ syndrome is due to glomerular disease and is dominated by the acute onset of grossly visible hematuria, mild-moderate proteinuria, and hypertension. It is the Classic Presentation of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis.
• Which are the main virulence factors of Escherichia coli?
• Cytokine that stimulates proliferation of Cytotoxic T cells.
• 4 Major clinical consequences of Portal Hypertension:
• Which of the following is an illness commonly associated with Adenovirus infection?
• The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells indicates which lymphoma?
• Familial hypercholesterolemia is due to defects in which receptor family, leading to premature atherosclerosis?
• Primary hyperaldosteronism is also known as which syndrome?
• Subacute endocarditis is commonly caused by which organism?
• Which mnemonic stands for facultative intracellular bacteria?
• ADPKD follows which mode of inheritance?
• Which of the following is a non-megaloblastic cause of macrocytic anemia?
• Anthracosis is caused by inhalation of carbon dust and leads to fibrosis of the lungs. Which statement is most accurate?
• Among the two most prevalent blood cancers, which one is included?
• The most critical phase for teratogens to exert their effects when organ systems are forming is the ____.
• The syndrome defined by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, transient neurologic deficits, fever, and renal failure is known as.
• Which parasite is known for forming hydatid cysts in the liver?
• Which organism is classically associated with facial nerve palsy in Lyme disease?
• Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of which substance, leading to vitamin B12 deficiency?
• The Schilling test is used to detect which condition?
• Renal cell carcinoma invades which vein first?
• Bronchogenic carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the lung arising from the epithelium of which structures?
• What is the nephrotic syndrome–related condition that is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease in the US?
• Which inherited nephropathy is by far the most common?
• Which interleukin promotes Th1-type responses and activates NK cells?
• Most common hereditary anemia.
• In cirrhosis with portal hypertension, upper GI hemorrhage from esophageal varices typically presents with what symptom?
• Which bacterial cell wall component is susceptible to lysozyme?
• GI disease presenting with skip lesions and direct oral cavity manifestations.
• Aggressive B cell lymphoma associated with EBV and uncommon in the Western world is which disease?
• Damage to which region of the brain is associated with both Parkinson disease and Huntington disease?
• The mnemonic 'Can't see, can't pee, can't hear a bee' refers to which hereditary nephropathy?
• Fungal infection commonly seen in diabetics or immunocompromised patients is which?
• The dominant intrahepatic cause of portal hypertension is ______
• Which of the following is NOT an agent of bloody diarrhea?
• Which cytokine is commonly involved in fever during endotoxemia?
• Most common demographic in which Plummer-Vinson syndrome occurs.
• Graft versus Host disease is a which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
• Collagen vascular disease presenting with medium systemic necrotizing vasculitis
• Which item is one of the Four F's of Shigella?
• Which organism is classically linked to otitis externa, otitis media, and pneumonia and often described as associated with a mucoid capsule?
• Urticaria is a common skin disorder characterized by which mechanism?
• Which hepatitis virus is most commonly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and is almost always found with cirrhosis?
• Giant cell tumor most commonly involves which region of the bone?
• Which translocation characterizes the Philadelphia chromosome?
• Which primary malignant bone tumor arises from nonosseous origins and may cause constipation and visual problems?
• Which chelation strategy is considered first-line for lead poisoning?
• 7 Diseases prevented with Live-attenuated vaccines.
• Which protozoan is a common cause of Giardia infection with bloating and fatty stools?
• Proteinuria often in the subnephrotic range (below 3.5 g/day) occurs in which syndrome?
• Which statement best describes Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical infections?
• Hemophilia A and von Willebrand Disease both directly involve clotting factor ___.
• Which of the following is NOT a prostate cancer marker?
• ADPKD is associated with cysts in which organs?
• Which parasite causes muscle pain and edema after ingestion of undercooked pork?
• In phenylketonuria, which amino acid becomes essential due to the metabolic block?
• Which hypersensitivity types are antibody-mediated?
• The two most common cardiac causes of portal hypertension are which of the following?
• Which nematode is acquired by eating undercooked pork and causes trichinellosis?
• Paget disease predisposes to which malignancy?
• Which organism is among those that do not Gram stain well?
• Which parasite is a nematode commonly associated with microcytic anemia due to blood loss?
• The anterior interventricular artery is derived from which main coronary artery?
• Cystic disease associated with hepatic fibrosis?
• The triad of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome consists of which three features?
• What is the most common site for colorectal cancer?
• Which organism is among the six that do not Gram stain well?
• Which item is one of the 4 A's of Klebsiella?
• A malignant tumor that originates from cartilage is called?
• Which organism produces edema toxin as a virulence factor?
• Type II hypersensitivity is best described as which mechanism?
• Which statement describes radiopaque kidney stones?
• Which melanoma type is the least common?
• According to the general rules for all DNA viruses, which statement is true?
• Which malignant bone tumor develops on the outer surface of bone rather than inside the bone?
• Most common type of joint disease?
• Which organism is a common cause of meningococcal meningitis?
• In systemic lupus erythematosus, the cutaneous involvement is described as which of the following?
• Which option lists the five classic signs of meningococcal meningitis?
• Recurrent peptic ulcers or ulcers in aberrant sites such as the jejunum suggest Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
• Which is the most common demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system?
• Which enzyme corresponds to AST in the trio commonly used for myocardial infarction diagnosis?
• Paraseptal (distal acinar) emphysema is commonly associated with which complication in young adults?
• Damage to which cell type disrupts the glomerular filtration charge barrier in nephrotic syndrome?
• In malignant hypertension, which organ is most susceptible to damage?
• Which pathogen is classically associated with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome due to Shiga toxin?
• VDRL is a screening test for which disease?
• Which DNA virus is an exception to the rule that DNA genomes are linear?
• The 5-year survival rate for bronchogenic carcinoma is close to ___%?
• In the United States, the majority of ascites cases are caused by which condition?
• Which is the most common invasive cancer in humans?
• Neuroblastoma most commonly originates from which primary site?
• In Hodgkin lymphoma, lymph node biopsy typically shows which cells?
• Which of the following is a DNA virus included in the HHAPPPPpy group?
• Which bacterium is the causative agent of the plague and is among the eight facultative intracellular bugs?
• Which disease tends to present in childhood and is autosomal recessive?
• Which interleukin secreted by Helper T cells (CD4) stimulates the proliferation and activation of T cells and B cells?
• Klinefelter syndrome is associated with which karyotype?
• Which disease is described as autosomal recessive and typically presents in childhood?
• In nephritic syndrome with glomerular involvement, which urine finding is most characteristic?
• Which disease is autosomal recessive and typically presents in childhood?
• Which is the most common malignant tumor of childhood and infancy?
• In chronic inflammation, the dominant cellular player is the _____.
• Which type mostly affects upper lobes?
• Which enzyme is derived from osteoblasts and increases with osteoblastic bone activity?
• Bence Jones proteins are suggestive of which two diseases?
• Which virus is the 'H' in the PERCH mnemonic for Picornaviruses?
• Which valve is most frequently involved in infectious endocarditis?
• A portal triad consists of which structures?
• Which histological type of bronchogenic carcinoma is considered the most aggressive?
• Which statement is true about Wilms' tumor?
• Which type of emphysema is associated with chronic bronchitis and smoking and destroys respiratory bronchioles, with upper lobes mostly affected?
• Which of the following is among the eight facultative intracellular bugs?
• Which disease is caused by deficiency of factor VIII?
• Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes is a hematologic finding associated with lead poisoning.
• Lysozyme is a component of which immune system?
• Which organism is associated with Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis) and Guillain-Barré syndrome?
• Which finding is most characteristic of nephritic syndrome?
• Which of the following is NOT part of the Triad of Virchow?
• Serum sickness is an example of which hypersensitivity?
• Which condition presents with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia as major features?
• Variant angina (Prinzmetal) is defined by:
• Which bronchogenic carcinoma is the second most prevalent?
• Which two enzymes are elevated in acute pancreatitis and are used for differential diagnosis in patients presenting with sudden, severe abdominal pain?
• Nephritic syndrome Type 2 is also known as which condition?
• Which of the following is one of the 4 Ts of Type 4 hypersensitivity?
• Which cell type is diagnostic for Hodgkin lymphoma in lymph node biopsy?
• ALL DNA viruses except ____ (3) are linear.
• Which cancer is listed as the second most prevalent blood cancer?
• Which bronchogenic carcinoma is NOT among the four main types?
• Which organism is remembered by the Giemsa stain mnemonic as a bug visualized with Giemsa?
• Which is the most common malignant bone tumor?
• ______ is characterized by airspace enlargement and wall destruction. Etiology associated with tobacco smoke
• Diamond Blackfan anemia is classified as which type of macrocytic anemia?
• Renal cell carcinoma metastasizes to which sites?
• Which parasite is associated with neurocysticercosis?
• Which cytokines have immediate effects that interfere with viral replication?
• Which protozoan parasite causes African sleeping sickness?
• In urinary tract obstruction, dilation is observed proximal to the site of obstruction. Which option correctly completes this statement?
• Which histological type of bronchogenic carcinoma is the most aggressive and highly malignant?
• Which electrolyte disturbance is commonly seen in Addison disease?
• Which is more aggressive, SCC or BCC?
• Which disease is characterized by retinal and cerebellar hemangiomas and cysts in the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, and pancreas?
• Which sign is characteristic of hepatic encephalopathy?
• Which malignant bone tumor most commonly involves long bones around the knee and is described here as malignant giant cell tumor?
• Anti-Sm antibodies are highly specific for which autoimmune disease?
• Increased levels of which metabolite indicate pheochromocytoma?
• Haemophilus influenzae causes epiglottitis with cherry-red epiglottis and a thumbprint sign on X-ray, and can also cause meningitis, otitis, and pneumonia. Which option lists these associations?
• Which term describes kidney stones?
• Pellagra results from deficiency of which vitamin?
• Which condition is characterized by involuntary rapid movements of the extremities and is associated with rheumatic fever?
• Which is the most common fatal genetic disease in white children?
• Presents as a triad of dysphagia (due to esophageal webs), glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia; most common in postmenopausal women.
• Which combination represents the classic three F's of giardiasis symptoms?
• Which of the following is a risk factor for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder?
• A patient presents with megaloblastic anemia due to B12 deficiency; which parasite is most likely responsible?
• Which of the following is a common feature of systemic lupus erythematosus?
• Nephrotic-range proteinuria is defined as protein excretion of more than how many grams per day?
• Where do most DNA viruses replicate?
• Which protozoan is associated with primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?
• Which of the following is among the five most common viral agents of pericarditis?
• Which major type of emphysema is commonly linked to smoking and chronic bronchitis?
• Morphological classification of aplastic anemia is typically described as which RBC size category?
• The dominant intrahepatic cause of portal hypertension is
• Anti-Sm antibodies are highly specific for which disease?
• Which organism is a classic encapsulated bacterium included in the SHiN group?
• In a true hemophiliac, which laboratory test would be prolonged?
• Which hypersensitivity is associated with diseases such as serum sickness, Arthus reaction, SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
• The Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) primarily assesses which coagulation pathway?
• Barrett Esophagus is best described as a columnar metaplasia of the esophageal epithelium.
• Monckeberg sclerosis involves calcification of which arterial layer?
• Karyotype for Klinefelter syndrome.
• Portal hypertension is most commonly associated with infection by which parasite?
• _____ syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria.
• Still's disease is the juvenile form of which rheumatic disease?
• Still's disease is referred to as a juvenile form of which condition?
• Lead poisoning may cause wrist drop due to radial nerve palsy. Which nerve is affected?
• On MacConkey agar, lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria produce which color colonies?
• Which type of melanoma is associated with Hutchinson freckle?
• Which syndrome is characterized by a tall, thin body habitus with abnormalities of the eyes, bones, heart, and blood vessels?
• Which list contains the five P's of pheochromocytoma?
• Which cytokine stimulates hematopoiesis?
• Which enzyme is derived from osteoblasts and its serum level rises in bone conditions with increased osteoblastic activity?
• The colon cancer most commonly arises from which histologic type?
• GBM disruption leads to which serum syndrome?
• Most common agents of the common cold: Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus abbreviated as RCE.
• Which syndrome presents with ptosis and constricted pupil (miosis) due to disruption of sympathetic pathways?
• What is the most common cause of liver transplantation in the United States?
• Which malignant bone tumor arises from bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) and bone-resorbing cells (osteoclasts)?
• Which bacterium has an exotoxin that increases intestinal fluid secretion leading to secretory diarrhea?
• Which feature is NOT part of the Alport syndrome triad?
• Hydronephrosis develops when which kidney structures distend due to obstruction of urine drainage?
• Irregular emphysema is characterized by acinus irregular involvement and scarring. Which option lists Irregular?
• What is the most common renal malignancy of early childhood (ages 2-4)?
• The classic triad of congenital toxoplasmosis includes which findings?
• A fat embolism is most often a sequela of which condition?
• Which histologic feature is a hallmark of malignancy indicating loss of cellular differentiation?
• Asplenic patients are particularly susceptible to infection by which encapsulated bacterium?
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae typically causes which type of pneumonia?
• Buffalo hump is a feature of which endocrine syndrome?
• Killed vaccines prevent which of the following?
• Uric acid stones are radiolucent on plain radiographs.
• Karyotype for Turner's syndrome.
• The hepatic veins empty into the ______.
• Which melanoma growth phase is most associated with metastasis?
• What is the most common histologic type of breast cancer?
• Which parasite is a fish tapeworm linked to vitamin B12 deficiency?
• Barrett Esophagus is best described as a columnar metaplasia due to chronic reflux. Which histological feature defines Barrett Esophagus?
• Berry aneurysms are associated with which cystic disease?
• Which is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?
• Which cytokine is known for inducing apoptosis and is commonly produced by macrophages and T cells?
• Which tumor is also known as nephroblastoma?
• Over 90% of Ewing Sarcoma will carry this translocation.
• Which infection presents with a thin off-white discharge with a fishy odor and no vaginal inflammation?
• Osteogenic sarcoma is another term for which cancer?
• Which tumor is a rapidly metastasizing malignant tumor of placental tissue that typically causes profuse vaginal and intra-abdominal bleeding?
• Lymphocytes that express MHC II proteins are primarily which cell type?
• Glomerular disease due to podocyte disruption leading to loss of the charge barrier is most consistent with which syndrome?
• Which helper T cell subset signals CD8 T cells to differentiate into cytotoxic T cells and signals macrophages in type 4 hypersensitivity reactions?
• What is the name for skin lesions that have a central dilated vessel with radiating smaller vessels and are associated with liver failure?
• Lung cancers that arise from the pleura (tissue surrounding lungs) are called?
• Which systemic immune response is primarily responsible for antibody production by plasma cells?
• Which glomerular disease presents with frothy urine and fatty casts?
• 2 Most common cardiac cause of Portal Hypertension
• Which autoimmune disease features autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction?
• Which component is part of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complex?
• Distention/dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces is most commonly caused by what condition?
• In DiGeorge syndrome, which glands are absent?
• Which item is a Lyme disease manifestation included in the mnemonic A Key Lyme pie to the FACE?
• Haemophilus influenzae causes which of the following?
• Small cell (Oat cell) carcinoma of the lung is strongly correlated with which etiology?
• Which parasite is a common cause of perianal pruritus in children?
• Collagen vascular disease presenting with a widespread connective tissue fibrosis that involves skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs
• Which parasite is known to cause biliary tract disease and cholangiocarcinoma?
• DNA viruses that are not linear include which set?
• Stable angina is characterized by chest pain precipitated by exertion and relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.
• Which pair best represents the main categories of macrocytic anemia?
• Which cytokine interferes with viral replication and is produced in response to viral infection?
• Which parasite is associated with hematuria and bladder cancer?
• Which statement correctly describes Alport syndrome?
• Kidney stones are medically termed what?
• Which growth phase of melanoma is associated with bleeding or ulceration and metastasis?
• Which parasite is classically associated with chronic blood loss leading to microcytic anemia?
• Which rapidly metastasizing cancer originates from placental tissue?
• T cells are involved in which type of hypersensitivity?
• Keratin pearls are a histologic feature of which cancer?
• Which mnemonic is used to remember bugs visualized with a Giemsa stain?
• Cotton-wool radiographic appearance is typical of Paget disease.
• Hirschsprung disease is a congenital disease caused by absence of the _____ plexus (Auerbach and Meissner) leading to decreased motility.
• Which shock is the most common type of shock?
• Which connective tissue disorder is associated with a marfanoid habitus and dilation of the aorta?
• Which enzyme is a sensitive indicator of biliary obstruction and is commonly tested for this purpose?
• What is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States?
• Anthracosis is primarily caused by inhalation of which dust?
• Artery most often occluded in a stroke.
• Which organism is classically associated with anchovy paste exudate and bloody diarrhea?
• Which symptoms are described by the POM Poms mnemonic for mumps?
• ACID hypersensitivity includes which types?
• Which list correctly identifies the four hypersensitivity types?
• What is the most frequently occurring chromosomal disorder?
• Which of the following is NOT a typical site for transitional cell carcinoma?
• Which of the following is a megaloblastic cause of macrocytic anemia?
• Which autoimmune disease is associated with antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction?
• Ascites is accumulation of fluid in which body cavity?
• Which of the following is NOT a megaloblastic cause of macrocytic anemia?
• Which helper T cell subset signals B cells to differentiate into plasma cells producing antibodies?
• Which type is irregularly involved and almost always associated with scarring?
• Which statement best describes the essential action associated with diphtheria toxin?
• Which condition is defined by a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate over hours to days?
• Which bronchogenic carcinoma is the least prevalent?
• Which mnemonic is used to remember the Gram stain limitations?
• Which protozoan is listed as a cause of watery diarrhea?
• Alport syndrome triad includes which combination?
• Which hypersensitivity reaction is classically associated with the Arthus reaction?
• Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Cushing syndrome?
• Gynecomastia in hepatic failure is due to increased production of which hormone?
• Which translocation is associated with Ewing Sarcoma?
• The 6 P's mnemonic for lichen planus stands for which phrase?
• Which symptom is NOT part of the classic triad of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
• The transmission of Plasmodium depends on which mosquito genus?
• Which skin cancer is the most deadly form?
• Which type is the most common form of emphysema?
• The mnemonic POM Poms for mumps stands for which combination?
• Renal cell carcinoma is most common in men aged which range?
• Levels of which enzyme are elevated in pulmonary infarction?
• Which organism is a protozoan that commonly causes giardiasis?
• Which type mostly affects lower lobes of lungs?
• Type of arteriosclerosis characterized by calcific deposits in the media of muscular arteries in individuals typically over 50, and does not block blood flow.
• Which is the most commonly occurring type of nephrolithiasis?
• Which type of colon cancer is the most common malignancy of the GI tract?
• A _____ thrombus forms as the result of damage to the ventricular endocardium. A major complication of this type of thrombus is cerebral embolism.
• Portal Triad is made up of:
• Translocation found in CML.
• Which DNA virus family is non-icosahedral?
• Which cutaneous disorder is characterized by hyperkeratosis and pigmentation in the axilla, neck, flexures, and anogenital region, and is associated with cancer in many patients?
• Which hepatitis virus is capable of causing hepatocellular carcinoma even in the absence of cirrhosis?
• Which organism is NOT a bacterial group associated with atypical pneumonia?
• The T cell receptor (TCR) on CD8 T cells is which CD molecule?
• Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
• Hodgkin lymphoma with the most favorable prognosis.
• Which congenital syndrome is characterized by absent thymus and parathyroid glands due to deletion of chromosome 22, resulting in profound T cell immunodeficiency?
• Pulmonary disease characterized by airway dilation and scarring of the bronchus
• Type II hypersensitivity reactions, also known as cytotoxic, involve complement activation, Fc receptor–mediated inflammation, opsonization and phagocytosis, and antibody‑mediated cellular dysfunction.
• Guillain-Barré syndrome affects which part of the nervous system?
• Which parasite infection is characterized by myalgias and periorbital edema?
• Which infection is characterized by a yellow-green, frothy discharge with a malodorous odor and alkaline vaginal pH?